Read the Passage From the Happy Man Which of the Following Stylistic

Group of entertainers performing circus skills

Circus
Advertisement for the Barnum & Bailey Circus, 1900
Types	Contemporary circus
Ancestor arts	Drama

A circus is a company of performers who put on various entertainment shows that may include clowns, acrobats, trained animals, trapeze acts, musicians, dancers, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers, magicians, ventriloquists, and unicyclists besides as other object manipulation and stunt-oriented artists. The term circus also describes the operation which has followed various formats through its 250-twelvemonth modern history. Although not the inventor of the medium, Philip Astley is credited equally the father of the modern circus. In 1768, Astley, a skilled equestrian, began performing exhibitions of trick horse riding in an open field called Ha'Penny Hatch on the south side of the Thames River.^[1] In 1770, he hired acrobats, tightrope walkers, jugglers and a clown to fill in the pauses betwixt the equestrian demonstrations and thus chanced on the format which was after named a "circus". Performances developed significantly over the adjacent fifty years, with large-scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant characteristic. The traditional format, in which a ringmaster introduces a variety of choreographed acts set to music, adult in the latter part of the 19th century and remained the ascendant format until the 1970s.

As styles of functioning have adult since the time of Astley, and so too have the types of venues where these circuses take performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open-air structures with limited covered seating. From the tardily 18th to late 19th century, custom-made circus buildings (often wooden) were built with various types of seating, a centre ring, and sometimes a stage. The traditional large tents unremarkably known as "large tops" were introduced in the mid-19th century equally touring circuses superseded static venues. These tents eventually became the most common venue. Contemporary circuses perform in a diversity of venues including tents, theatres and casinos. Many circus performances are notwithstanding held in a ring, usually thirteen one thousand (42 ft) in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled an acrobatic horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks.

Contemporary circus has been credited with a revival of the circus tradition since the belatedly 1970s, when a number of groups began to experiment with new circus formats and aesthetics, typically avoiding the use of animals to focus exclusively on homo artistry. Circuses within the movement have tended to favour a theatrical approach, combining grapheme-driven circus acts with original music in a wide variety of styles to convey circuitous themes or stories. Contemporary circus continues to develop new variations on the circus tradition while absorbing new skills, techniques, and stylistic influences from other performing arts.

Etymology [edit]

Start attested in English 14th century, the word circus derives from Latin circus,^[2] which is the romanization of the Greek κίρκος (kirkos), itself a metathesis of the Homeric Greek κρίκος (krikos), meaning "circle" or "band".^[iii] In the book De Spectaculis early Christian author Tertullian claimed that the start circus games were staged by the goddess Circe in honour of her father Helios, the Sun God.^[4]

History [edit]

Video of a circus from 1954.

The modern and ordinarily held idea of a circus is of a Big Elevation with various acts providing entertainment therein. However, the history of circuses is more complex, with historians disagreeing on its origin, as well as revisions being done virtually the history due to the changing nature of historical inquiry, and the ongoing circus miracle. For many, circus history begins with Englishman Philip Astley, while for others its origins get back much further—to Roman times.

Origin [edit]

In Ancient Rome, the circus was a building for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, gladiatorial combat, and displays of (and fights with) trained animals. The circuses of Rome were similar to the ancient Greek hippodromes, although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and structure, and for events that involved re-enactments of naval battles, the circus was flooded with water. The Roman circus buildings were, nevertheless, not circular just rectangular with semi circular ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank; at that place were also various country boxes for the giver of the games and his friends. The circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were non separated. Some circus historians such as George Speaight accept stated "these performances may take taken place in the bully arenas that were called 'circuses' by the Romans, but it is a mistake to equate these places, or the entertainments presented there, with the modern circus" ^[five] Others have argued that the lineage of the circus does go back to the Roman circuses and a chronology of circus-related amusement can be traced to Roman times, continued by the Hippodrome of Constantinople that operated until the 13th century, through medieval and renaissance jesters, minstrels and troubadours to the late 18th century and the fourth dimension of Astley.^{[half dozen] [seven]}

The get-go circus in the city of Rome was the Circus Maximus, in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills. It was synthetic during the monarchy and, at get-go, congenital completely from forest. After being rebuilt several times, the last version of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people; it was built of stone and measured 400m in length and 90m in width.^[viii] Next in importance were the Circus Flaminius and the Circus Neronis, from the notoriety which it obtained through the Circensian pleasures of Nero. A quaternary circus was constructed past Maxentius; its ruins have helped archaeologists reconstruct the Roman circus.

For some time afterward the autumn of Rome, large circus buildings savage out of utilise as centres of mass amusement. Instead, itinerant performers, brute trainers, and showmen travelled between towns throughout Europe, performing at local fairs.

Modern format [edit]

Astley and early British circus [edit]

The origin of the modern circus has been attributed to Philip Astley, who was built-in 1742 in Newcastle-under-Lyme, England. He became a cavalry officer who set up the commencement modern amphitheatre for the display of horse riding tricks in Lambeth, London, on 4 April 1768.^{[9] [x] [11]} Astley did not originate trick equus caballus riding, nor was he first to introduce acts such as acrobats and clowns to the English public, but he was the first to create a infinite where all these acts were brought together to perform a prove.^[12] Astley rode in a circle rather than a directly line as his rivals did, and thus chanced on the format of performing in a circle.^[13] Astley performed stunts in a 42 ft bore ring, which is the standard size used by circuses e'er since.^[12] Astley referred to the functioning arena as a circle and the building as an amphitheatre; these would later on be known equally a circus.^[14] In 1770, Astley hired acrobats, tightrope walkers, jugglers, and a clown to fill in the pauses between acts.^[12]

Astley was followed past Andrew Ducrow, whose feats of horsemanship had much to exercise with establishing the traditions of the circus, which were perpetuated past Hengler'south and Sanger's celebrated shows in a later generation. In England circuses were oftentimes held in purpose-built buildings in large cities, such as the London Hippodrome, which was congenital every bit a combination of the circus, the menagerie, and the variety theatre, where wild fauna such as lions and elephants from fourth dimension to time appeared in the band, and where convulsions of nature such as floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions take been produced with an boggling wealth of realistic brandish. Joseph Grimaldi, the first mainstream clown, had his commencement major role equally Little Clown in the pantomime The Triumph of Mirth; or, Harlequin's Wedding in 1781.^[fifteen] The Royal Circus was opened in London on iv Nov 1782 by Charles Dibdin (who coined the term "circus"),^[xvi] aided by his partner Charles Hughes, an equestrian performer.^[17] In 1782, Astley established the Amphithéâtre Anglais in Paris, the commencement purpose-built circus in France, followed past 18 other permanent circuses in cities throughout Europe.^{[18] [nineteen]} Astley leased his Parisian circus to the Italian Antonio Franconi in 1793.^[20] In 1826, the first circus took place under a canvas large top.^[21]

Trapeze artists, in lithograph past Calvert Litho. Co., 1890

Ricketts and the get-go American circus [edit]

The Englishman John Bill Ricketts brought the first modern circus to the United States. He began his theatrical career with Hughes Purple Circus in London in the 1780s, and travelled from England in 1792 to establish his first circus in Philadelphia. The first circus building in the The states opened on 3 April 1793 in Philadelphia, where Ricketts gave America's commencement consummate circus performance.^{[22] [23]} George Washington attended a operation in that location later on that season.^[24]

Expansion of the American format [edit]

In the Americas during the commencement two decades of the 19th century, the Circus of Pepin and Breschard toured from Montreal to Havana, building circus theatres in many of the cities it visited. Victor Pépin, a native New Yorker,^[25] was the outset American to operate a major circus in the United States.^[26] Later the establishments of Purdy, Welch & Co., and of van Amburgh gave a wider popularity to the circus in the United States. In 1825, Joshuah Purdy Brown was the offset circus possessor to apply a large canvas tent for the circus performance. Circus pioneer Dan Rice was the about famous pre-Ceremonious War circus clown,^[27] popularizing such expressions as "The Ane-Equus caballus Show" and "Hey, Rube!". The American circus was revolutionized by P. T. Barnum and William Cameron Coup, who launched the travelling P. T. Barnum'due south Museum, Menagerie & Circus, the first freak bear witness. Coup also introduced the kickoff multiple-ring circuses, and was also the showtime circus entrepreneur to utilize circus trains to transport the circus between towns.

Circus parade around tents, in lithograph by Gibson & Co., 1874

Touring [edit]

In 1838, the equestrian Thomas Taplin Cooke returned to England from the United states, bringing with him a circus tent.^[28] At this time, itinerant circuses that could exist fitted-up quickly were condign pop in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. William Batty's circus, for example, between 1838 and 1840, travelled from Newcastle to Edinburgh and then to Portsmouth and Southampton. Pablo Fanque, who is noteworthy as Great britain's simply blackness circus proprietor and who operated ane of the most celebrated travelling circuses in Victorian England, erected temporary structures for his limited engagements or retrofitted existing structures.^[29] One such structure in Leeds, which Fanque assumed from a departing circus, collapsed, resulting in minor injuries to many simply the expiry of Fanque's wife.^{[thirty] [31]} Traveling circus companies also rented the land they prepare up their structures on sometimes causing damage to the local ecosystems.^[32] Three of import circus innovators were the Italian Giuseppe Chiarini, and Frenchmen Louis Soullier and Jacques Tourniaire, whose early on travelling circuses introduced the circus to Latin America, Australia, Southeast Asia, Red china, South Africa, and Russia. Soullier was the first circus possessor to introduce Chinese acrobatics to the European circus when he returned from his travels in 1866, and Tourniaire was the starting time to innovate the performing art to Ranga, where it became extremely popular.

After an 1881 merger with James Anthony Bailey and James L. Hutchinson's circus and Barnum's death in 1891, his circus travelled to Europe as the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Globe, where it toured from 1897 to 1902, impressing other circus owners with its large scale, its touring techniques (including the tent and circus train), and its combination of circus acts, a zoological exhibition, and a freak show. This format was adopted by European circuses at the turn of the 20th century.

The influence of the American circus brought near a considerable alter in the character of the modern circus. In arenas too big for speech communication to be easily audible, the traditional comic dialogue of the clown assumed a less prominent place than formerly, while the vastly increased wealth of phase properties relegated to the background the old-fashioned equestrian feats, which were replaced by more than aggressive acrobatic performances, and by exhibitions of skill, strength, and daring, requiring the employment of immense numbers of performers, and frequently of complicated and expensive mechanism.

Painting by Venezuelan Arturo Michelena, c. 1891, depicting a backstage surface area at the circus

From the tardily 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, travelling circuses were a major grade of spectator entertainment in the United states of america and attracted huge attention whenever they arrived in a city. After World State of war II, the popularity of the circus declined as new forms of entertainment (such as idiot box) arrived and the public's tastes became more sophisticated. From the 1960s onward, circuses attracted growing criticism from beast rights activists. Many circuses went out of business organisation or were forced to merge with other circus companies. Nonetheless, a skillful number of travelling circuses are nonetheless active in diverse parts of the world, ranging from small family enterprises to 3-ring extravaganzas. Other companies found new ways to draw in the public with innovative new approaches to the circus grade itself.

Russia [edit]

In 1919, Lenin, caput of Soviet Russia, expressed a wish for the circus to become "the people's art-form", with facilities and condition on par with theatre, opera and ballet. The USSR nationalized Russian circuses. In 1927, the State University of Circus and Diverseness Arts, better known equally the Moscow Circus School, was established; performers were trained using methods developed from the Soviet gymnastics program. When the Moscow State Circus company began international tours in the 1950s, its levels of originality and artistic skill were widely applauded.

China [edit]

Circuses from Red china, drawing on Chinese traditions of acrobatics, like the Chinese State Circus are besides pop touring acts.

Contemporary circus [edit]

Contemporary circus (originally known as cirque nouveau) is a performing arts movement that originated in the 1970s in Commonwealth of australia, Canada, French republic,^[33] the Westward Coast of the United States, and the United Kingdom. Contemporary circus combines traditional circus skills and theatrical techniques to convey a story or theme. Compared with the traditional circus, the contemporary genre of circus tends to focus more attention on the overall aesthetic impact, on character and story development, and on the use of lighting design, original music, and costume design to convey thematic or narrative content. For aesthetic or economic reasons, contemporary circus productions may sometimes be staged in theatres rather than in large outdoor tents. Music used in the production is often composed exclusively for that production, and aesthetic influences are drawn as much from gimmicky civilisation as from circus history. Fauna acts rarely appear in contemporary circus, in dissimilarity to traditional circus, where beast acts take often been a significant part of the entertainment.

Early on pioneers of the contemporary circus genre included: Circus Oz, forged in Australia in 1977 from SoapBox Circus (1976) and New Circus (1973);^[34] the Pickle Family Circus, founded in San Francisco in 1975; Ra-Ra Zoo in 1984 in London; Nofit State Circus in 1984 from Wales; Cirque du Soleil, founded in Quebec in 1984; Cirque Feather and Archaos from France in 1984 and 1986 respectively. More recent examples include: Cirque Éloize (founded in Quebec in 1993); Sweden's Cirkus Cirkör (1995); Teatro ZinZanni (founded in Seattle in 1998); the West African Circus Baobab (late 1990s);^[35] and Montreal'southward Les 7 doigts de la chief (founded in 2002).^[36] The genre includes other circus troupes such as the Vermont-based Circus Smirkus (founded in 1987 by Rob Mermin) and Le Cirque Imaginaire (subsequently renamed Le Cirque Invisible, both founded and directed by Victoria Chaplin, daughter of Charlie Chaplin).

The most conspicuous success story in the contemporary genre has been that of Cirque du Soleil, the Canadian circus company whose estimated annual revenue exceeds United states$810 meg in 2009,^[37] and whose cirque nouveau shows accept been seen by nearly 90 1000000 spectators in over 200 cities on five continents.^[38]

Operation [edit]

Fire breathers risk burns, both internal and external, as well as poisoning in the pursuit of their art.

A traditional circus performance is oftentimes led by a ringmaster who has a function similar to a Main of Ceremonies. The ringmaster presents performers, speaks to the audition, and generally keeps the show moving. The activity of the circus traditionally takes place within a ring; large circuses may have multiple rings, like the half-dozen-ringed Moscow State Circus. A circus often travels with its own band, whose instrumentation in the United states of america has traditionally included contumely instruments, drums, glockenspiel, and sometimes the distinctive sound of the calliope.

Acts [edit]

• five
• t
• e

Worldwide laws on animal use in circuses^[39]

	Nationwide ban on all animal utilise in circuses		Partial ban on creature use in circuses1
	Ban on the import/export of animals for circuses		No ban on animal use in circuses
	Unknown

ⁱ sure animals are excluded or the laws vary internally

Common acts include a variety of acrobatics, gymnastics (including tumbling and trampoline), aerial acts (such equally trapeze, aerial silk, corde lisse), contortion, stilt-walking, and a multifariousness of other routines. Juggling is one of the most mutual acts in a circus; the combination of juggling and gymnastics is called equilibristics and includes acts like plate spinning and the rolling globe. Acts similar these are some of the nearly common and the most traditional. Clowns are mutual to most circuses and are typically skilled in many circus acts; "clowns getting into the deed" is a very familiar theme in whatsoever circus. Famous circus clowns have included Austin Miles, the Fratellini Family, Rusty Russell, Emmett Kelly, Grock, and Neb Irwin.

Daredevil stunt acts, freak shows, and sideshow acts are also parts of some circus acts, these activities may include human being missive, chapeaugraphy, fire eating, breathing, and dancing, knife throwing, magic shows, sword swallowing, or strongman. Famous sideshow performers include Zip the Pinhead and The Doll Family. A popular sideshow attraction from the early 19th century was the flea circus, where fleas were fastened to props and viewed through a Fresnel lens.

Animal acts [edit]

Elephants from Cole Brothers Circus parade through downtown Los Angeles, 1953

A variety of animals have historically been used in acts. While the types of animals used vary from circus to circus, big cats (namely lions, tigers, and leopards), camels, llamas, elephants, zebras, horses, donkeys, birds (like parrots, doves, and cockatoos), sea lions, bears, monkeys, and domestic animals such every bit cats and dogs are the most common.

The primeval interest of animals in circus was just the display of exotic creatures in a menagerie. Going equally far back as the early on eighteenth century, exotic animals were transported to North America for display, and menageries were a pop form of entertainment.^[40] The outset truthful animals acts in the circus were equestrian acts. Soon elephants and big cats were displayed as well. Isaac A. Van Amburgh entered a muzzle with several big cats in 1833, and is mostly considered to be the first wild animal trainer in American circus history.^[26] Mabel Stark was a famous female person tiger-tamer.

Controversy and laws [edit]

Circus baby elephant training

Elephant act at a 2009 circus in Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. In December 2014, every bit a response to reports of animal mistreatment, the Mexican Congress passed a police force banning the use of animals in any circus in the country.^[41] The law gear up fines for violations and required circuses to submit lists of the wildlife they possessed, which would and then be made available to zoos interested in taking the animals.^[41]

Beast rights groups take documented many cases of animate being cruelty in the training of performing circus animals.^{[42] [43]} The animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) contends that animals in circuses are frequently beaten into submission and that physical corruption has always been the method for training circus animals. It is as well declared that the animals are kept in cages that are too small-scale and are given very little opportunity to walk around outside of their enclosure, thereby violating their right to liberty.

United states [edit]

According to PETA, although the U.s. Animal Welfare Human action does not permit any sort of penalization that puts the animals in discomfort,^[44] trainers will still go confronting this law and use such things as electrical rods and bullhooks.^[45] According to PETA, during an undercover investigation of Carson & Barnes Circus, video footage was captured showing animal care director Tim Frisco preparation endangered Asian elephants with electrical shock prods and instructing other trainers to "beat the elephants with a bullhook as difficult as they can and sink the sharp metal hook into the elephant's flesh and twist it until they scream in pain".^[45]

On behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality of holland, Wageningen University conducted an investigation into the welfare of circus animals in 2008.^[46] The following bug, amidst others, were institute:

• 71% of the observed animals had medical problems.
• 33% of tigers and lions did not accept access to an outdoor enclosure.
• Lions spend on boilerplate 98% of their time indoors.
• An average enclosure for tigers is only 5 mⁱⁱ.
• Elephants are shackled in chains for 17 hours a day on boilerplate.
• Elephants spend on average 10 hours a day showing stereotypic behaviour.
• Tigers are terrified of burn down but are still forced to jump through burn rings.
• Since 1990 there have been over 123 cases of panthera leo attacks at circuses.
• Animals are trained through discipline.^{[ description needed ]}

Based on these findings, the researchers called for more stringent regulation regarding the welfare of circus animals. In 2012, the Dutch regime announced a ban on the use of wild circus animals.^[47]

In testimony in U.S. District Courtroom in 2009, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus CEO Kenneth Feld acknowledged that circus elephants are struck behind the ears, under the chin and on their legs with metal tipped prods, called bullhooks. Feld stated that these practices are necessary to protect circus workers. Feld also acknowledged that an elephant trainer was reprimanded for using an electric shock device, known as a hot shot or electric prod, on an elephant, which Feld also stated was appropriate practice. Feld denied that any of these practices harm elephants.^[48] In its January 2010 verdict on the case, brought against Feld Entertainment International by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals et al., the Court ruled that evidence against the circus visitor was "non credible with regard to the allegations".^[49] In lieu of a USDA hearing, Feld Entertainment Inc. (parent of Ringling Bros.) agreed to pay an unprecedented $270,000 fine for violations of the Animal Welfare Act that allegedly occurred between June 2007 and Baronial 2011.^[50]

A fourteen-year litigation against the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus came to an end in 2014 when The Humane Society of the United states and a number of other animal rights groups paid a $16 million settlement to Feld Entertainment.^[51] Notwithstanding, the circus closed in May 2017 after a 146-year run when it experienced a steep decline in ticket sales a year after information technology discontinued its elephant act and sent its pachyderms to a reserve.^[52]

On ane Feb 1992 at the Great American Circus in Palm Bay, Florida, an elephant named Janet (1965 – 1 Feb 1992) went out of control while giving a ride to a female parent, her 2 children, and three other children. The elephant and so stampeded through the circus grounds exterior earlier existence shot to expiry by police.^[53] Also, during a Circus International performance in Honolulu, Hawaii, on 20 Baronial 1994, an elephant chosen Tyke (1974 – 20 August 1994) killed her trainer, Allen Campbell, and severely mauled her groomer, Dallas Beckwith, in front end of hundreds of spectators. Tyke and then bolted from the loonshit and ran through the streets of Kakaako for more thirty minutes. Constabulary fired 86 shots at Tyke, who eventually collapsed from the wounds and died.^[54]

In December 2018, New Jersey became the commencement land in the U.S. to ban circuses, carnivals and fairs from featuring elephants, tigers, and other exotic animals.^[55]

England [edit]

In 1998 in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, a parliamentary working grouping chaired past MP Roger Gale studied living conditions and treatment of animals in UK circuses. All members of this grouping agreed that a change in the police force was needed to protect circus animals. Gale told the BBC, "It'south undignified and the conditions nether which they are kept are woefully inadequate—the cages are also small, the environments they live in are not suitable and many of us believe the time has come for that practice to end." The group reported concerns about colorlessness and stress, and noted that an independent study by a member of the Wild animals Conservation Inquiry Unit at Oxford University "plant no evidence that circuses contribute to education or conservation."^[56] Still, in 2007, a different working group nether the UK Department for Environs, Food and Rural Affairs, having reviewed information from experts representing both the circus industry and animal welfare, establish an absenteeism of "scientific evidence sufficient to demonstrate that travelling circuses are not compatible with coming together the welfare needs of any type of not-domesticated animal presently being used in the United Kingdom." Co-ordinate to that group's report, published in October 2007, "in that location appears to exist little evidence to demonstrate that the welfare of animals kept in travelling circuses is whatever better or whatever worse than that of animals kept in other convict environments."^[57]

A ban prohibiting the use of wild animals in circuses in England was due to be passed in 2015, but Conservative MP Christopher Chope repeatedly blocked the pecker under the reasoning that "The EU Membership Costs and Benefits bill should accept been chosen by the clerk earlier the circuses nib, and then I raised a point of society". He explained that the circus bill was "at the lesser of the list" for discussion.^[58] The Creature Defenders International not-turn a profit group dubbed this "a huge embarrassment for Great britain that 30 other nations have taken action before us on this simple and popular measure".^[59] On 1 May 2019 Environmental Secretary Michael Gove announced a new Bill to ban the use of wild animals in travelling circuses.^[60] The Wild Animals in Circuses Act 2019 came into effect on twenty January 2020.^[61]

Wales [edit]

A petiton from RSPCA Cymru urging the Welsh Government to ensure an outright ban on the use of wild animals in circuses; October 2015

A bill to ban the use of wild fauna in travelling circuses in Wales was introduced in June 2019, and later on passed by the Welsh Parliament on 15 July 2020.^[62] Over 6,500 responses were made by the people of Wales, to the public consultation on the draft Bill, 97% of which supported the ban.

Scotland [edit]

The use of wild animals in travelling circuses has been banned in Scotland. The Wild Animals in Travelling Circuses (Scotland) Human action 2018 came into force on 28 May 2018.

Worldwide [edit]

Tigers in a transport cage in a travelling circus

In that location are nationwide bans on using some if non all animals in circuses in Austria, Kingdom of belgium, Republic of bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of bulgaria, Colombia, Costa rica, Croatia, Republic of cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Republic of ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Bharat, Iran, Republic of ireland, Israel, Italy, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey.^{[63] [64] [65]} Germany, Espana, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, Commonwealth of australia, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Canada, and the U.s. have locally restricted or banned the employ of animals in entertainment.^[64] In response to a growing popular concern about the apply of animals in amusement, animal-complimentary circuses are condign more common around the world.^[66] In 2009, Bolivia passed legislation banning the employ of whatever animals, wild or domestic, in circuses. The law states that circuses "constitute an act of cruelty." Circus operators had 1 year from the bill's passage on one July 2009 to comply.^[67] In 2018 in Germany, an blow with an elephant during a circus performance, prompted calls to ban beast performances in circuses. PETA called the German politicians to outlaw the keeping of animals for circuses.^[68]

A survey confirmed that on average, wild animals spend effectually 99 to 91 percent of their fourth dimension in cages, wagons, or enclosure due to transportation. This causes a huge amount of distress to animals and leads to excessive amounts of drooling.^[69]

Metropolis ordinances banning performances past wild animals have been enacted in San Francisco (2015),^[seventy] Los Angeles (2017),^[71] and New York City (2017).^[72] These bans include movies, TV shows, ads, petting zoos, or any showcase of animals where they are in direct contact with the audience. The reason existence the high chance of the animals to harm someone in the audience. This is due to their instincts which humans cannot control.^[73]

Hellenic republic became the first European country to ban any animate being from performing in any circus in its territory in February 2012, following a campaign past Animal Defenders International and the Greek Animal Welfare Fund (GAWF).^[74]

On six June 2015, the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe adopted a position paper in which it recommends the prohibition of the use of wild animals in travelling circuses.^{[75] [76]}

Despite the contemporary circus' shift toward more theatrical techniques and its accent on human rather than animal performance, traditional circus companies still exist aslope the new motion. Numerous circuses continue to maintain creature performers, including UniverSoul Circus and the Big Apple Circus from the United States, Circus Krone from Munich, Circus Royale and Lennon Bros Circus from Australia, Vazquez Hermanos Circus, Circo Atayde Hermanos, and Hermanos Mayaror Circus^[77] from United mexican states, and Moira Orfei Circus^[78] from Italy, to name just a few.

Buildings [edit]

Paper postcard of the Old Kharkiv Forest Circus

A tent of Sirkus Finlandia

In some towns, in that location are circus buildings where regular performances are held. The best known are:

• Blackpool Tower Circus
• Budapest Circus
• Circus Krone Building in Munich
• Cirque d'hiver, Paris
• Cirque Jules Verne in Amiens^[79]
• Hippodrome Circus, Keen Yarmouth
• La Tohu in Montreal
• Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard in Moscow
• Shanghai Circus Earth in Shanghai
• Turkmen State Circus in Ashgabat
• Riga Circus in Riga
• Republic of belarus Land Circus in Minsk
• "Globus" Circus in Bucharest

In other countries, purpose-congenital circus buildings nevertheless exist which are no longer used equally circuses, or are used for circus only occasionally amid a wider programme of events; for example, the Cirkusbygningen (The Circus Building) in Copenhagen, Denmark, Cirkus in Stockholm, Sweden, or Carré Theatre in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

International awards [edit]

The International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo^[80] has been held in Monaco since 1974 and was the first of many international awards for circus performers.

In fine art, music, films, plays and books [edit]

Erich Kästner'south children's books Der kleine Mann [de] 1963 (The Little Man) and Der kleine Isle of mann und die kleine Miss [de] 1967 (The Little Human and the Little Miss) are largely set in a circus where the orphaned young protagonist grows up equally a ward of the show's magician.

The atmosphere of the circus has served as a dramatic setting for many musicians. The most famous circus theme vocal is called "Archway of the Gladiators", and was composed in 1904 by Julius Fučík. Other circus music includes "El Caballero", "Quality Plus", "Sunnyland Waltzes", "The Storming of El Caney", "Pahjamah", "Balderdash Trombone", "Big Fourth dimension Boogie", "Royal Bridesmaid March", "The Baby Elephant Walk", "Freedom Bong March", "Java", Strauss's "Radetsky March", and "Pageant of Progress". A poster for Pablo Fanque's Circus Royal, one of the most popular circuses of Victorian England, inspired John Lennon to write Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! on The Beatles' album, Sgt. Pepper'southward Lone Hearts Club Band. The song title refers to William Kite, a well-known circus performer in the 19th century. Producer George Martin and EMI engineers created the vocal's fairground temper by assembling a audio collage of collected recordings of calliopes and fairground organs, which they cut into strips of various lengths, threw into a box, and and then mixed upwardly and edited together randomly, creating a long loop which was mixed into the final production.^[81] Some other traditional circus song is the John Philip Sousa march "Stars and Stripes Forever", which is played merely to alert circus performers of an emergency.

Plays set in a circus include the 1896 musical The Circus Girl by Lionel Monckton, Polly of the Circus written in 1907 by Margaret Mayo, He Who Gets Slapped written past Russian Leonid Andreyev 1915 and later adapted into one of the get-go circus films, Katharina Knie written in 1928 past Carl Zuckmayer and adapted for the English language stage in 1932 as Caravan by playwright Cecily Hamilton, the revue Big Elevation written past Herbert Farjeon in 1942, Top of the Ladder written by Tyrone Guthrie in 1950, Stop the Globe, I Want to Get Off written past Anthony Newley in 1961, and Barnum with music by Cy Coleman and lyrics and volume by Mark Bramble, Roustabout: The Great Circus Train Wreck written by Jay Torrence in 2006.

Post-obit World War I, circus films became pop. In 1924 He Who Gets Slapped was the outset film released by MGM; in 1925 Emerge of the Sawdust (remade 1930), Multifariousness, and Vaudeville were produced, followed by The Devil'due south Circus in 1926 and The Circus starring Charlie Chaplin, Circus Rookies, 4 Devils; and Express mirth Clown Laugh in 1928. German motion-picture show Salto Mortale about trapeze artists was released in 1931 and remade in the United States and released as Trapeze starring Burt Lancaster in 1956; in 1932 Freaks was released; Charlie Chan at the Circus, Circus (USSR) and The Three Maxiums were released in 1936 and At the Circus starring the Marx Brothers and You Can't Cheat an Honest Man in 1939. Circus films connected to be pop during the Second World State of war; films from this era included The Great Profile starring John Barrymore (1940), the animated Disney picture show Dense (1941), Route Show (1941), The Wagons Coil at Dark (1941) and Captive Wild Adult female (1943).

Tromba, a picture virtually a tiger trainer, was released in 1948. In 1952 Cecil B. de Mille's Oscar-winning film The Greatest Bear witness on Earth was commencement shown. Released in 1953 were Man on a Tightrope and Ingmar Bergman'south Gycklarnas afton (released as Sawdust and Tinsel in the Us); these were followed by Life Is a Circus; Band of Fear; 3 Ring Circus (1954) and La Strada (1954), an Oscar-winning film past Federico Fellini virtually a girl who is sold to a circus strongman. Fellini made a second film set in the circus called The Clowns in 1970. Films about the circus made since 1959 include Disney's Toby Tyler (1960), the B-motion-picture show Circus of Horrors (also in 1960); the musical motion picture Billy Rose's Jumbo (1962); A Tiger Walks, a Disney film about a tiger that escapes from the circus; and Circus World (1964), starring John Wayne. Mera Naam Joker (1970) a Hindi drama film directed past Raj Kapoor which was near a clown who must brand his audience express joy at the cost of his own sorrows. In the motion-picture show Jungle Emperor Leo (1997), Leo's son Lune is captured and placed in a circus, which burns downwards when a tiger knocks down a band of burn while jumping through it. The Greatest Showman, a musical picture show loosely based on the life of P. T. Barnum, was released in 2017.

The TV serial Circus Humberto, based on the novel by Eduard Bass, follows the history of the circus family Humberto between 1826 and 1924. The setting of the HBO television series Carnivàle, which ran from 2003 to 2005, is as well largely set up in a travelling circus. The circus has also inspired many writers. Numerous books, both not-fiction and fiction, accept been published about circus life. Notable examples of circus-based fiction include Circus Humberto by Eduard Bass, Cirque du Freak past Darren Shan, and Spangle by Gary Jennings. The novel Water for Elephants by Sara Gruen tells the fictional tale of a circus veterinarian and was made into a movie with the same title, starring Robert Pattinson and Reese Witherspoon. Science fiction author Barry B. Longyear wrote a trilogy about a circus of the future: City of Baraboo; Elephant Song; and Circus World.

Circus is the central theme in comic books of Super Commando Dhruva, an Indian comic volume superhero. Co-ordinate to this serial, Dhruva was born and brought upwardly in a fictional Indian circus called Jupiter Circus. When a rival circus burnt down Jupiter Circus, killing everyone in information technology, including Dhruva's parents, Dhruva vowed to become a crime fighter. A circus-based television receiver series called Circus was also telecast in India in 1989 on DD National, starring Shahrukh Khan as the atomic number 82 actor.

See also [edit]

• Animal training
• Chautauqua, tent shows that preceded American circus
• Circus clown
• Clown alley
• Circus skills
• Cirque du Soleil
• Clown
• Contemporary circus
• Dog and pony show
• Flea circus
• History of Indian circus
• International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo
• Traveling funfair
• Lion taming
• Listing of circuses and circus owners

Notes [edit]

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2. ^ circus, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Brusk, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus
3. ^ krikos, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English language Lexicon, on Perseus
4. ^ Tertullian, Septimus Florens (1931). De Spectaculis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Loeb Classical Library.
5. ^ Speaight, George (1980). A History of the Circus. London: The Tantivy Printing. p. eleven. ISBN978-0498024702.
6. ^ Croft-Cooke & Cotes, Rupert & Peter (1976). Circus: A World History. London: Paul Elek. p. 27. ISBN978-0236400515.
7. ^ Dagron, Gilbert (2011). 50' Hippodrome de Constantinople: Jeux, Peuple et Politique. Paris: Éditions Gallimard. ISBN978-2-07-013378-9.
8. ^ "History of the Ludi". Novaroma.org. Retrieved twenty April 2012.
9. ^ Marius Kwint, 'Astley, Philip (1742–1814)', Oxford Lexicon of National Biography, Oxford Academy Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 7 Jan 2014
10. ^ Speaight, George (1980). A History of the Circus. London: Tantivy Press.
11. ^ The Oxford English Lexicon lists the 1791 book The History of the Royal Circus about Philip Astley's troupe as the beginning written use of the word to draw the modern circus.
12. ^ ^{a b c} "The circus comes to the Circus". BBC News. Retrieved xiii December 2014.
13. ^ Joe Nickell (2005). "Secrets of the sideshows". p.eight. Academy Press of Kentucky, 2005
14. ^ Stoddart, Helen (2000). Rings of Desire: Circus History and Representation. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 13–15. ISBN978-0719052347.
15. ^ McConnell Stott|, Andrew (2009), The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi, Canongate Books, p. 28.
16. ^ "The Kickoff Circus"; Victoria and Albert Museum
17. ^ Mr Philip Astley's Introduction to The Get-go Circus in England Archived eight November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. PeoplePlay UK. Retrieved eighteen March 2007.
18. ^ Philip Astley (British circus managing director), Encyclopædia Britannica.
19. ^ Leathers, Victor L. (1959). British Entertainers in France, University of Toronto Press, 1959, p. 29.
20. ^ Banham, Martin (1995). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.216.
21. ^ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness World Records 2014 . ISBN978-1-908843-15-ix.
22. ^ "Historical Markers". Explore PA History. Retrieved xx April 2012.
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24. ^ "PHMC: Historical Markers Program: Ricketts' Circus". Archived from the original on nineteen December 2007.
25. ^ "Circus in America TimeLine: 1801 – 1824". The Circus in America, 1793 – 1940. Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
26. ^ ^{a b} "Introduction". The Circus in America, 1793 – 1940. Archived from the original on ane May 2006. Retrieved twenty Apr 2012.
27. ^ David Carlyon. Dan Rice: The Most Famous Man You've Never Heard Of
28. ^ William L. Slout (1998). Olympians of the Sawdust Circle: A Biographical Dictionary of the Nineteenth Century American Circus. Wildside Press LLC. pp. 60–. ISBN978-0-8095-1310-ix . Retrieved 9 June 2013.
29. ^ Griffin, J. "Frost, Thomas (1881), "Circus Life and Circus Celebrities." London: Chatto and Windus". Circushistory.org. Archived from the original on 14 Dec 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
30. ^ Leeds Intelligencer, 4 March 1854, p. 5, col. 3.
31. ^ Victoria and Albert Museum (seven March 2011). "Victorian Circus". V&A. Retrieved nineteen June 2011.
32. ^ Bagley, Sherri (2019). "Large Top Or Crops?". The UncommonWealth: Voices from the Library of Virginia. Archived from the original on 18 Baronial 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
33. ^ « Historique de la célèbre crise », Jean-Pierre Thiollet, École ouverte, n°85, Feb 1982, http://dr..cnac.fr/ListRecord.htm?list=link&xRecord=19102592157919207749
34. ^ St Leon, Mark (2011). Circus! The Australian Story. Melbourne Volume. pp. 239–248. ISBN978-1-877096-fifty-1.
35. ^ "Circus Baobab". Circus Baobab. Retrieved xx April 2012.
36. ^ "The 7 Fingers". Les7doigtsdelamain.com. Retrieved 20 Apr 2012.
37. ^ Collins, Glenn (28 Apr 2009). "Run Away to the Circus? No demand. It's Staying Here". The New York Times . Retrieved xxx September 2009.
38. ^ "About Cirque du Soleil". Cirque du Soleil. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved thirty September 2009.
39. ^ "Circus bans". Stop Circus Suffering . Retrieved 3 November 2019.
40. ^ "The history of circus in the Usa, HistoryMagazine". History-mag.com. Archived from the original on fourteen April 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
41. ^ ^{a b} "Wild things: Mexico struggles to find new homes for outlawed circus animals". Fob News Latino. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
42. ^ "Circus Incidents: Attacks, Abuse and Property Harm" (PDF). Humane Social club of the United states of america. 1 June 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2008.
43. ^ "Circuses". PETA.org. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
44. ^ "Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations". Nal.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 20 Apr 2012.
45. ^ ^{a b} "Circuses: Three Rings of Abuse". Peta.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
46. ^ "19 february 2008 – Projectvoorstel Ministerie LNV onderzoek welzijn circusdieren" (PDF). 19 February 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
47. ^ "Dutch authorities announces ban on the use of wildlife in circuses". ane November 2012. Archived from the original on fourteen May 2013. Retrieved 19 Apr 2013.
48. ^ Circus CEO says elephants are struck, but non injure ^{[ expressionless link ]}
49. ^ Court Record, United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Civil Activity No 03-2006 (EGS)
50. ^ Leigh Remizowski, "USDA Fines Ringling Bros. Circus Over Treatment of Animals, Archived 18 Jan 2012 at the Wayback Auto" CNN 29 November 2011.
51. ^ Heath, Thomas (sixteen May 2014). "Ringling Circus prevails in 14-twelvemonth legal case; collects $16M from Humane Society, others". The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 June 2017.
52. ^ (1) Wang, Amy B (fifteen January 2017). "Beast activists finally take something to applaud at Ringling Bros. circus: Its closure". The Washington Mail service . Retrieved 12 June 2017. In 2015, Ringling Bros. announced it would finish using elephants in its shows. The lumbering mammals delivered their final performances concluding May — dancing, spinning and standing on pedestals at the control of the ringmaster — and then were retired to a reserve in central Florida. The movement exacerbated the show's demise; the elephants' departure ultimately expedited what was a 'difficult business decision.' 'Ringling Bros. ticket sales have been declining, but following the transition of the elephants off the road, we saw an fifty-fifty more dramatic drop,' Kenneth Feld said in a statement Sat. 'This, coupled with loftier operating costs, made the circus an unsustainable business organization for the visitor.'
    (two) Brulliard, Karin (21 May 2017). "Thunderous applause, tears as the 'greatest show on Globe' takes a final bow". The Washington Postal service . Retrieved 12 June 2017. ... Ringling had become the target of animal protection groups that claimed information technology mistreated its elephants, and the ii sides presently locked in a 14-yr legal battle so cutthroat it involved cloak-and-dagger informants paid past animal groups and a former CIA official who was paid past Ringling's parent company, Feld Entertainment, to spy on activists and a journalist. The litigation ended with several animal groups paying a $16 meg settlement to Feld. While the brute activists never prevailed against Ringling in court, they were victorious exterior. The allegations of elephant corruption prompted municipalities effectually the country to ban elephant bullhooks — a sharp metal tool used by handlers — or to prohibit wild beast performances altogether, as Los Angeles recently moved to practice. Afterward Ringling retired its last pachyderms to a visitor-owned elephant conservation heart in Florida, ticket sales declined much more than than Feld expected, and the company announced in January that Ringling would close for good.
53. ^ Petrograd Times (6 May 1993). "Elephant incidents in recent years". Retrieved nineteen Apr 2010.
54. ^ "Hawthorn Corporation". Circuses.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2004.
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63. ^ http://www.justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lp&itemid=26088&l=1
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References [edit]

• Assael, Brenda, "Circus and Victorian Gild", 2005, Academy of Virginia Press, Charlottesville ISBN 0-8139-2340-ix
• Croft-Cooke, Rupert and Cotes, Peter. 1976. Circus: A World History. Elek. London ISBN 0-236-40051-vii
• Johnson, William Chiliad. 1990. The Rose-Tinted Menagerie. Iridescent Publishing
• Nance, Susan. Entertaining Elephants: Animal Agency and the Business of the American Circus (Johns Hopkins University Printing; 2013) 304 pages; elephants equally "actors" or creatures of bureau in the American circus from 1800 to 1940.
• Speaight, George, "A History of the Circus" 1980, The Tantivy Press, London ISBN 0-4980-2470-9
• Stoddart, Helen, "Rings of Desire: Circus History and Representation", 2000, Manchester University Press, Manchester ISBN 0-7190-5234-3
• This commodity incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Circus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 390–391.
• Tertullian, Septimus Florens. De spectaculis: Latin text with English language translation by Terrot Reaveley Glover. Loeb Classical Library 1931.

Farther reading [edit]

• Adams, Katherine H. (2012). Women of the American Circus, 1880-1940. McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN9780786472284.
• Brooke, Bob (October–Nov 2001). "Step Right Up: Bob Brooke presents the history of the circus in America". History Magazine.
• Childress, Micah D. Circus Life: Performing and Laboring Under America's Large Top Shows, 1830-1920 (University of Tennessee Press, 2018), Pp. 247 online review.
• Dfening, Fred D., 3 (Nov 2007). "The American Circus in the 1870s: An Overview from Paper Sources". Bandwagon. 51 (half-dozen): iv–sixty. ISSN 0005-4968. —provides an overview of "depression-yield research" into the history of the American Circus as covered in "ragcontent newspapers [and] magazines [such as] White Tops"
• Simon, Linda. The Greatest Shows on Earth: A History of the Circus (Reaktion Books, distributed by Academy of Chicago Printing; 2014); 296 pages;

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Circus.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Circus

• Circus at Curlie
• Dictionary of Circus Slang (American and British/European)
• History of American Circuses and Sideshows
• Circopedia
• National Museum of Performing Arts, Theatre Museum. Circus Guided Tour
• The Philip Astley Project

Read the Passage From the Happy Man Which of the Following Stylistic

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus

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